Growth factors synthesized by ovarian somatic cells affect cumulus cell expansion and oocyte maturation in vitro. Fibroblast growth factor 10 (FGF10), for example, is a known regulator of mammalian cumulus-oocyte complex maturation. In this study, we investigated the effects of 0, 5, 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL FGF10 (5F, 10F, 50F, and 100F, respectively) on in vitro cumulus cell expansion, oocyte maturation, and embryo development. The percentage of fully expanded cumulus cells at the oocyte's metaphase-II (MII) stage was significantly higher in the 10F-treated group than in the control. Transcript abundance of the cumulus cell expansion-related gene encoding hyaluronian synthase 2 (HAS2) in cumulus cells at oocyte germinal vesicle breakdown (GVBD) was significantly higher in the 10F- and 50F-treated groups compared to untreated controls, whereas the mRNA abundance of the protease cathepsin B (CTSB) at the oocyte MII stage was remarkably decreased in the 10F-treated group. The percentage of oocytes with normal spindles was greater in the 10F- and 50F-treated group at GVBD than in the other groups; the 5F-, 10F-, and 100F-treated groups were higher than the control; and the 50F-treated group was highest at MII. The abundance of GDF9 and BMP15 transcript at GVBD and BMP15 and CCNB1 transcripts at MII increased in the 10F-treated group. Cleavage rate, blastocyst formation rate, and total cell number were significantly higher in the 5F- to 50F-treated groups. These results demonstrate that FGF10 markedly improves cumulus cell expansion, oocyte maturation, and subsequent embryo development.